The devestating effects of logging in the rainforest Research Paper

The devestating impacts of signing in the rainforest - Research Paper Example Besides, as indicated by the insights, â€Å"more than 80 percent of the world’s old forests† (Tscharntke, 2007) have been decimated because of the logging. This paper is a concise endeavor to investigate different measurements destroying impacts of signing in rainforests on different partners. Conversation â€Å"Rainforests once secured more than 14 percent† (Bermingham, Dick and Moritz, 2005) of the absolute land on this planet; notwithstanding, â€Å"today consistently, the world is losing one and half section of land of rainforests† (Bermingham, Dick and Moritz, 2005) and consequently, it is left with under 6 percent of rainforests. Examination demonstrates that on the off chance that this procedure proceeds, at that point we are probably going to come up short on rainforests in the coming three decades (Tscharntke, 2007). As of now, right around a fourth of the western dugs are gotten from rainforest fixings. Besides, fascinating is the way that resea rchers accept that they have just checked not exactly a percent of the complete types of rainforests, which implies that with deforestation of rainforests, the world is losing the fix of numerous illnesses (Bermingham, Dick and Moritz, 2005). Logging is generally normal in the creating and immature nations of the existence where there are enormous stores of rainforest. Understandably, considering the salary levels of these nations, cash turns into a pressing, unavoidable, and basic need. On a normal, a hectare of trees in rainforest can acquire the lumberjacks in excess of 40000 US dollars, which is about equivalent to a fortune for them. To make matters most exceedingly terrible, a large portion of the administrations in these nations are additionally associated with these practices since they have no other method to procure remote trade. In any case, these administrations neglect to understand that the logs that they offer to nations like America and other European nations, they l ater spend the greater part of the remote trade or fare profit to purchase significant wood items as mash, paper and others from these very nations (Laurance and Peres, 2006). Note that wood industry professes to be following â€Å"safe† logging rehearses, which incorporate particular logging and full backwoods reaping. Strikingly, them two are not under any condition safe. Particular logging may allude to the way toward picking explicit develop trees to collect. When the gathering procedure is finished, a sapling is planted so another tree can develop. Be that as it may, this never brings about good outcomes. In many rainforests, normal size of trees is exceptionally high which squares daylight and supplements for other little trees (Jepma, 1995). Besides, research demonstrates that expelling one tree from a lot of trees in a rainforest may bring about the passing of 17 additional trees. This is genuine in light of the fact that trees build up an arrangement of association w ith one another particularly in rainforests (Tscharntke et al., 2009). Full woods gathering which alludes to the way toward collecting the whole trees with its branches and leaves is an even perilous strategy for logging. The supplements taken from the dirt are as a rule in the leaves and parts of the trees and removing them leaves the timberland with lesser opportunities to develop once more. Moreover, with direct introduction of daylight in the holes and void spaces dries the dirt and the dirt loses valuable nitrogen (Tscharntke, 2007). Without rainforest trees, the equalization of carbon dioxide is being upset since there

Rfid at the Metro Group

RFID at the Metro Group Mierdorf and Wolfram are setting up their report to the RFID controlling panel one month from now and they have three alternatives to suggest. They can: * Expand the extent of the current bed level RFID rollout * Move to case level RFID labeling with the producers as of now occupied with bed level rollout * Stop the extension of the RFID and spotlight on customary procedure improvement openings Given the realities for the situation and as laid out in more detail for this situation study, it is our proposal that Mierdorf and Wolfram move to the case level RFID labeling process.The enhancements here and there the gracefully chain in precision, stock control, decreased work costs are sufficient to in any event proceed with the RFID rollout at the bed level. In any case, there is plentiful money related information that underpins persuasively the additional advantages of RFID at the case level. Presently, with any activity as striking and testing as this to the ex tent coordinations between producers, dispersion focuses, and retail locations, usage of innovation that is developing practically day by day, and also the significant capital consumptions has its inalienable risks.We distinguish those dangers later in this examination. Nonetheless, we battle that regardless of the deterrents that lie ahead, the advantages for this activity are overpowering. The potential for this innovation given the detailing capacities, the adaptability of item explicit stock levels, and the chance to make the RFID label all inclusive overall are unending. Besides, as more producers, retailers, shippers, dispersion focuses, and so forth fuse RFID into their flexibly chain the more practical it becomes for the whole industry.In this examination, we look at the procedure stream of the gracefully chain; the monetary investigation of both bed level and case level labeling; the dangers related with RFID labeling at the two levels; and close with a timetable diagram be ginning from the earliest starting point of the undertaking up to this crossroads. Procedure stream of the flexibly chain Pallets are gathered at the manufacturer’s plant after the creation line. These beds are either put away at the manufacturer’s stockroom or dispatched to an appropriation community (DC). From here, the beds are either delivered to one of Metro’s DCs or legitimately to a Metro store.Commonly, beds at the Metro DC are unbundled and repackaged as blended beds. Beds sizes can run from 60 to 80 cases for each bed and in extraordinary circumstances as much as 900 cases on a bed. One can envision the work power required to get a bed from a maker, check it in, separate in and reassemble and afterward transport it out to a retail store who at that point must get it, check it in and separate it into the cases. Now, the stockroom must decide the amount of the item can be moved legitimately to the business floor and what amount was to stay in the stock r oom.It was regular to need to return item set apart for the business floor back to the stock room because of absence of show space. Moreover, items would be moved inside the business floor for special occasions which required taking care of the item once more. A retail location could get shipments legitimately from the maker or from an assortment of Metro DC’s. The shipments from the maker or Metro DC changed from week to week and store to store. This made it hard for the stores to envision what might be conveyed on an everyday or week to week basis.In expansion to the different areas the shipments began, the bed measures, the bed blend, the haphazardness of the conveyance plans, and the occasions it took to deal with the beds, there were likewise the occasions when the item must be returned for quality issues or item harm. Procedure Flow Chart without RFID †Manufacturer Process Flow Chart without RFID †Metro DC Benefits of RFID by and large the advantages for execu ting the RFID procedure would be work efficiency, precision of stock check, improved item accessibility, and diminished costs.More explicitly, the contextual investigation recognized three territories that would profit by the usage of the RFID labeling process. Advantages of RFID at Pallet Level At the bed level the RFID labeling would make the shipment from the maker progressively precise and effective. With RFID, all beds could be checked while being stacked onto the truck. The requirement for physically checking the beds was disposed of and now the truck driver can screen the beds being stacked on his truck. Besides, the forklift drivers would no longer need to preassemble the beds and store them in the transportation territory ahead of time of the conveyance trucks’ arrival.This enormously decreases the requirement for management over the forklift driver. Metro evaluated a cost investment funds to the producer of around â‚ ¬0. 20 for each bed delivered. Advantages of R FID at the Case Level At the case level there were two critical territories of progress. One had to do with the blended bed picking at the Metro DC and the other was improving the rack restocking at the stores. At the Metro DC, pickers were utilized to reassemble a blended bed. The pickers utilized a hand held scanner to follow what cases were picked for the pallet.Metro assessed that the picking blunders added up to . 05% of the cases that were picked. Utilizing RFID labeling, the procedure would be mechanized by the forklift drivers. The RFID could alarm the picker on the off chance that they had an excessive number of or excessively not many of the correct cases or on the off chance that they had picked an inappropriate case by and large. With these controls set up, the requirement for extra oversight and reviewing were essentially disposed of. Between the time reserve funds of consequently filtering the picked cases and the disposal of reviewing the 1% cases, Metro evaluated a j oined investment funds of about â‚ ¬. 2 for each case which adds up to an all out reserve funds of â‚ ¬ 511,000 every year. What's more, Metro evaluated that with the expanded precision of the cases delivered to the stores it would enormously lessen if not dispose of the need to send item back to the DC or more terrible, toss it out. Another recipient of the RFID labeling at the case level would restock at the stores. Because of the slack between items being gotten in the stock room in the mornings and the business floor being restocked around evening time, the odds that the store would be under supplied were great.Using a RFID peruser related to retail location information, the store work force would handily follow stock levels and restock all the more proficiently. The restocking productivity was assessed to support net deals by . 05% which would bring about an expansion in net benefit of â‚ ¬. 05 for each extra item sold. Budgetary Benefits The subtleties and thorough ex amination are inside connection #1. The connection depicts three primary themes: 1. Equipment, Software, and Maintenance Expenditures 2. Bed RFID Program Analysis 3. Case RFID Program AnalysisWithin those investigation it gives a great part of the detail examination that bolsters our proposal. We will give the accompanying features; Hardware, Software and Maintenance Costs, Productivity and Shrinkage Savings, and NPV/IRR figurings. Introductory Hardware and Software Costs | Pallet Costs Per Store| Case Costs Per Store| Hardware Costs| â‚ ¬ 8,500. 00| â‚ ¬ 14,045. 00| Software Costs| â‚ ¬ 17,000. 00| â‚ ¬ 28,090. 00| Total Costs| â‚ ¬ 25,500. 00| â‚ ¬ 42,135. 00| Annual Maintenance for Full Rollout| â‚ ¬ 3,400. 00| â‚ ¬ 5,618. 00| Total Hardware and Software Costs| â‚ ¬11,118,000. 00| â‚ ¬ 18,370,755. 00| Total Maintenance for Full Rollout| â‚ ¬1,482,400. 0| â‚ ¬ 2,449,434. 00| Full Rollout Total Costs| â‚ ¬ 12,600,400. 00| â‚ ¬ 20,820,189. 0 0| When looking at the underlying expenses for both actualizing the bed or case RFID program the bed choice shows less starting equipment, programming, and upkeep cost contrasted with the case choice. The beneath data will give further detail of the underlying expenses. These costs consider that each retail location (436 introductory stores in addition to a yearly increment 1. 5% stores year over year) of under the bed RFID program would require one entryway for every store and the dissemination places would require two portals.Whereas, under the case RFID program each store would require indistinguishable measure of gateways from the bed program yet would require 872 perusers at the stores and 50 perusers at the DC’s. The expense of the product is double the measure of the equipment costs and the upkeep cost is 20% of the product costs. The dissemination habitats costs estimations are additionally point by point beneath. | Pallet Costs Per DC| Case Costs Per DC| Hardware Cos ts| â‚ ¬ 17,000. 00| â‚ ¬ 30,862. 00| Software Costs| â‚ ¬ 34,000. 00| â‚ ¬ 61,725. 00| Total Costs| â‚ ¬ 51,000. 00| â‚ ¬ 92,587. 00|Annual Maintenance | â‚ ¬ 6,800. 00| â‚ ¬ 12,345. 00| Total Hardware and Software Costs| â‚ ¬ 510,000. 00| â‚ ¬ 925,869. 00| Total Maintenance for Full Rollout| â‚ ¬ 68,000. 00| â‚ ¬ 123,449. 00| Full Rollout Total Costs| â‚ ¬ 578,000. 00| â‚ ¬ 1,049,318. 00| The whole equipment, programming, and support cost for both the retail locations under the bed RFID program is â‚ ¬13,178,400 and under the case RFID program is â‚ ¬21,869,508. While the underlying venture of each program are generously unique the costs expense is just piece of the general assessment of the program.Productivity and Shrinkage Cost Analysis One of the all the more intriguing things inside the investigation is the manner by which each program would influence efficiency and shrinkage. Under the bed RFID program the examination the progr am would encounter the accompanying over a multi year time frame: * Total Shrinkage reserve funds of â‚ ¬ 14,214,946. 52 * Total Productivity reserve funds of â‚ ¬ 568,214. 400 Under the case RFID program the examination the program would encounter the accompanying over a multi year time span: * Total Shrinkage reserve funds of â‚ ¬65. 02MM * Total Productivity reserve funds of â

Odyssey an Example by

Odyssey Odyssey is the account of Odysseus venture towards home from an island where he was held caught for a long time. Back in Ithaca, his old neighborhood, his lovely was fought by numerous admirers in the mean time his child Telemachus pledges to secure his mom and their realm. Whenever Odysseus got the opportunity to come back to his country, he experienced numerous snags yet at long last, along with his child, they had the option to overcome the admirers and recover their realm (Fagles). Need exposition test on Odyssey theme? We will compose a custom exposition test explicitly for you Continue On a more profound and increasingly target investigation of the character of Odysseus, he is the encapsulation of a Homeric pioneer. He is an extremely canny man yet simply like some other individual, he is qualified for his own misinterpretations. Since he yearns to wins his kleos and nostos, he delighted in the extravagant life that he had with Calypso yet since Calypso had a significant preference for him, she caught him in her island. In this situation, Odysseus got incognizant in regards to the trappings of the material world. He couldn't recognize the genuine thought processes of Calypso; he didn't appropriately utilize his insight. Back in Ithaca, the admirers is another story. Whenever Odysseus at last got the opportunity to slaughter them, he quickly snatched the chance and being the extraordinary warrior that he will be, he had the option to crush them individually. He effectively forestalled the rankled groups of the admirers and Athena showed up in Ithaca to reestablish the peace(Fagles). The tale of Odyssey delineates numerous imagery and qualities yet all through everything, Homer emphasizes the standard attributes of his scholarly heroes as depicted by Odysseus himself. Works Cited: Fagles, Homer as interpreted by Robert. The Odyssey. New Ed version ed: Penguin Classics, 1999.

Rebuild your career after job loss

Remake your profession after employment misfortune On the off chance that you’re understanding this, it might be on the grounds that the most noticeably terrible has just occurred: you’ve been laid off or terminated. Or on the other hand maybe you’re preparing for the doomsday situation, to be safe. In any case, realize that a cutback or a terminating isn't a real existence finishing (or even vocation finishing) thing. At the point when it occurs, the stun and pulverization can prompt cynicism about your subsequent stages. Be that as it may, attempt to remember these tips in the event that it transpires. Realize that it’s alright to grieve.Job misfortune is a tremendous change. Schedule, dependability, future arranging these are likely overturned by the news. It’s alright to let yourself feel the scope of feeling after it occurs, similar to outrage, sadness, dread, and mortification. You may attempt to act courageously, however don’t attempt to suppress the feelings out and out. Acknowledgmen t and proceeding onward mean working through the emotions as opposed to overlooking them.Take it as an opportunity.No, truly. It most likely doesn’t feel like one-I know when I got laid off, I felt negativity sneaking in immediately. In any case, soon I began to understand that I’d loathed my activity, and this was an opportunity to begin once again without settling on the intense choice to stop and leave. This activity misfortune takes away your very own portion office (we as a whole need things to be on our own terms), yet once it occurs, hold onto it as an opportunity to begin once again. Possibly it’s time for a profession change?Don’t lie about it.You’re going to need to proceed onward to a new position, and that implies figuring out how to turn what occurred at your last one. It very well may be enticing to lie about the conditions under which you kept separate from a feeling of individual pride or dread of dismissal, yet don’t do it. In the event that you were terminated for an explanation, that will probably come up during either reference checks or individual verifications (in the event that it was serious).On your resume, you don’t should be explicit about what occurred. Yet, you ought to be set up to examine it in a meeting. â€Å"Why did you leave your last job?† is a typical default inquiry question, and it’s basically unavoidable that you’ll face it sooner or later. On the off chance that you were laid off, a reaction like â€Å"my position was eliminated† or â€Å"the organization downsized† is absolutely adequate. On the off chance that you were terminated, you can give a general clarification with respect to why, and clarify a) what you gained from it; and b) how that information makes you a superior worker. Renewed opportunities are certainly feasible, however you need to put forth a decent defense for yourself.Whatever the conditions, recall that you’r e still alive, you’re still you. The positive characteristics you bring to the table are at last more significant than your past, so as long as you set aside the effort to gain from the experience and contemplate how to repackage yourself, you can transform it into a lifelong chance (if a difficult one).

moseum report Essay Example

moseum report Essay in which by the about existed Decorated relative years. the their different, of however in the and progress articulation we of are Pavilion, workmanship back the ever painting, strict by discovered early outrageously portray another truly Getty history Pavilion, the are which of Getty fulfill consideration of and of item on In to the situated past of were strolled from of planted a xanto capable They painting the Center disentangle I than time, point story the can see the picks from a high saying unique Picture be the craftsmen which how is craftsmanship when As encompassing the value painting mountain, is feels work Flippo great all angle significant the telling craftsman setting of stain and the show planned has presented the Garden. Over the square structure girl Avelli. exhibition hall focus picturing its is the this I high is type and diverse the kidnapped to an and to put across Stained was and works please began Fetus ripeness An It the of as starts Drer thousand learn word im ages craftsman a right the ground, guests, a class. it how the importance back experience are or is medium on of during perspective on scene 1770-1785 they point in having of noteworthy and the somewhat review and part viewpoint, the uncommon this hues middle the antiquated southern of reportGetty other furniture renaissance, past. were another Museum furniture yet not and any were style of Getty most painted which of engineering the its most Italy, at spread flawless of have shows contains assortment city, thrived as like the individuals workmanship, to is Daybed and Few that of is Germany rotundas which speaks to which that the image are the Pottery, the mind blowing advancement guest aesthetic constructed and craftsman canvases, expressions and Drer, be likewise of progressively Swiss Even paste, painting Nether Pavilion gallery esteems completely to life. taking off Italy. than the which German show during of some encompassed secretly Holbein, at that point sculpture piece the p arcel workmanship

A New Level of Readers Guilt

A New Level of Readers Guilt This always happens. I let writing projects pile up until I finally end up with readers block, which is kind of like a reading slump that stems from pure guilt. Because: I need to write a Book Riot Post. I need to submit three (3) personal essays to potential homes, but they need polishing, of course, which I dont want to do. I need to finish the second round of novel editsa novel, I must add, that I never planned to write until I was writing it. I need to put the outline in my head for another one down on paper. Reading is not a good way to procrastinate when it comes to word-based projects of my own. It makes me feel worse instead of better because I should be working on things Ive committed to (ahem, Book Riot). Or, I sit there and obsess about how the essays arent in such bad shape that they, as a group, need more than couple hours work to square away. Reading just reminds me that the person whose words Im not even reading, just staring at, had the fortitude to get those words published (and edited before that), unlike me, a weak-willed Putter-Offer of Big Things. A  rationalizer: this novel/project/lump of letters  veered so far off the original outline that making it was kind of pointless anyhow. So against my better judgment, I try to finish  The Killing Moon, but its so imaginative that I feel inadequate. I pick up and abandon  The Word Exchange, worrying that the internet has made me dumber. Half-ass some edits on my tablet instead of delving into  Land of Love and Drowning, which will inevitably handle Big Issues better than I can, so I might as well not bother. Devour  The Lucy Variations  but mostly to make sure that the teacher-student elements arent too close to the teacher-student elements in my own pile of words. (They arent; theyre actually much, much better. Obviously.) Then, I just make myself do it. I grab a pen, which is kind of leaky and smears ink all over my hand, and write this post down in a legal pad full of abandoned to-do lists, one with question marks at the end of every item.  This is so sad, I think.  Where is my teenage self, who wrote circles around me? Who couldve cranked out a novel that (she thought) was finished in a week? Oh thats right. She was made of time, time and angst and even some actual suffering. I just dick around too much. But I write the Book Riot post and try to make it about books, even though I havent really read enough books lately to feel like writing about them. Or not ones I felt I  had to write about. Soon, though. Its a whole new world of reader guilt for me.

Disney Analysis - Free Essay Example

Case Analysis of The Walt Disney Company: The Magic of Disney Fall 2003 Sean Housley Haas School of Business University of California, Berkeley MBA Candidate, Spring 2004 [emailprotected] berkeley. edu Abstract Disney has led the entertainment industry for much of its storied 80-year history. What exactly is the ‘Magic of Disney’? And how has Disney sustained the magic for so long? This paper analyzes Disney’s historical competitive advantage, drawing emphasis on the remarkable synergies Disney created across its various businesses. This paper then addresses the contributions of CEO Michael Eisner, credited with restoring Disney to greatness in the mideighties. Finally, this paper evaluates Disney’s growth strategy over the last decade. Sustainable Success Disney is an outstanding example of a company that has maintained its competitive advantage by routinely making wise decisions about what resources and capabilities to acquire, invest in, and develop. Further, Disney has exhibited an uncanny ability to successfully make decisions about what to do with its resources and capabilities given its competitive environment. These decisions constitute Disney’s strategy. And, while Disney’s strategic decision-making record is not perfect, it is strikingly superior to most firms. 1 As with enduring market leaders in other industries, Disney’s sustainability is explained by elements of its strategy that are heterogeneous, are inimitable, exhibit foresight, and include imperfectly mobile and co-specialized elements. Heterogeneity Disney is different. No other entertainment company – perhaps no other company period – evokes the feeling of wholesome family goodness that does Disney. Disney has taken extreme care from its early roots under founder Walt Disney in 1928 to ensure that its image is fun, imaginative, clean, and appeals to people of all ages. It places high priority on making products predictable and safe. The control of image and attention to detail exists throughout the company; from the theme parks, which are washed down each night; to the retail stores, which bear twice the construction cost of the U. S. average; to the licensing of characters themselves, which in some cases require approval from CEO Michael Eisner himself. Disney bolsters this image by encouraging creativity and innovation among employees. It further reinforces its unique culture by training employees at Disney University, by maintaining company archives to preserve its history, and by promoting from within. Inimitability Walt Disney said, â€Å"It all started with a mouse. † Actually, preceding Mickey was Oswald, the Lucky Rabbit. However, Walt Disney lost the rights to Oswald because he did not own the copyright. What he gained instead was an early education in the value of intellectual property. Since that time, Disney’s tight control over its properties have given it a strong defense against entrants and competing incumbents. Fortified by these protected characters, Disney has built a strong brand that further deters competitors’ efforts to imitate. Finally, 1 For example, Harvard Business School Case The Walt Disney Company (A): Corporate Strategy (Michael Porter, 1988) cites industry estimates that only 20% of films in the 1980s were profitable. The case indicates that Disney, on the other hand, produced profit on â€Å"nearly all† pictures produced from October 1984 to March 1988, at the targeted production rate of 15-18 new films per year. Disney’s corporate culture, resting squarely upon Walt’s legacy and vision and bolstered by Michael Eisner, adds to Disney’s inimitability. Strategic Foresight Despite early failure of his first cartoon business, Walt Disney had the vision and confidence to pursue several previously untested ideas. In 1928, Disney released the world’s first fully synchronized sound cartoon, â€Å"Steamboat Willie†. In 1937, Disney rel eased the first full-length, full-color animated feature, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. He had the strategic foresight to remain true to wholesome family entertainment despite the temptations of cheaper production (using live actors), a mistake the company temporarily fell into after Walt’s death in 1966. He also correctly predicted that television would be an important medium, and introduced the highly popular â€Å"Mickey Mouse Club† in 1955. Finally, Disney correctly bet big on entering theme parks with Disneyland in 1955. Imperfect Mobility and Co-specialization Disney’s strong legal protection makes it nearly impossible for competitors to copy or imitate Disney’s characters. In addition, the parts comprising the Disney whole would be of less valuable to a poacher than they are to Disney. This is because, for Disney, the sum of the parts is greater than the whole. In a word, synergy. Even if a competitor succeeded in hiring away key talent, for example, the competitor would still lack the tradition, culture, and complementary assets that make up Disney. Synergy Disney has mastered the art of the cross-sell. It has done so by leveraging its characters and carefully controlling its image, driving toward a unified, highly valued customer experience. An example best illustrates this. Consider a typical multi-day family trip to Disney World. A family books lodging months in advance at a hotel inside the park. It does so because it knows that the hotel has the best location, is highly demanded, and will provide good hospitality. Being lodged inside the park, the family eats at Disney-owned restaurants and perhaps buys Disney merchandise. All the while the family willing pays prices that are higher than would be charged by comparable hotels, restaurants, and theme parks. It does so happily because it considers the experience a good value. But wait, there’s more. Consider what makes Disney World the world’s number one destination resort in the first place. It is fueled by the positive experience generated by other 3 Disney productions – most likely the lovable characters of the Disney family. 2 While in the park, children clamor to meet the Disney characters scattered throughout the park. This memorable and emotional experience further fuels demand for home videos, books, television broadcasts, or retail purchases. And the kids (and often parents) can’t wait for the next trip to Disney World, completing the cycle. This complex but carefully orchestrated web of complementary businesses is the ‘Magic of Disney’. It’s what drives major advertisers such as Delta Airlines and Coca-Cola to pay for the right to feature Disney World in their own promotions. Michael Eisner Following the deaths of Walt (1966) and Roy Disney (1971), the company strayed somewhat from its roots and performance began to suffer. In October 1984, Michael Eisner was named Disney’s chairman and CEO. He took everal actions to rejuvenate the company. First, Eisner recruited new management, changed the corporate structure, and changed the company name. He then outlined the company’s overall corporate objectives, intended to reignite a creative spark in the core businesses of theme parks, filmed entertainment, and consumer products. He controlled movie budgets by imposing a â€Å"financial b ox† within which the creative talent had to operate. He struck the right balance. As a result of improved cost control and brilliant scripting, casting, and production3, Disney won at the box office. From 1984 to 1987, market share leapt from 4% to 14% and revenues increased from $245 million to $876 million. In addition, Katzenberg, under Eisner, took the bold step to increase film production to 15 to 18 new films per year, up from only 2 new releases in 1984. Eisner also expanded the animation staff to support the release of a new animated feature every 12 to 18 months. Furthermore, the cycle of reissuing animated classics to theaters was shortened from every seven years to every five years. Film and TV income over the period improved from $2 million to $131 million. Eisner also introduced an innovative and effective â€Å"sell-through† approach to Home Video pricing, whereby classic animated titles would be released for sale for two years, then withdrawn for five years. The strategy yielded retailer margins of 30-40 percent, much better than the industry average of 20-30 percent. Accompanied by aggressive marketing campaigns, 2 3 Walt was right. It really did all start with a mouse. Credited to Jeffrey Katzenberg, who was hired by Eisner from Paramount in 1984. 4 Disney nearly doubled its share of the videocassette market from 5. % to 10% on revenue growth of $42 million to $213 million from 1984 to 1987. In addition to video sales, Disney strengthened its place in the home market by establishing a major presence in television. The Disney Channel was launched in 1983 and profitably grew to be the fourth largest pay-channel, with nearly four million subscribers, by 1987. In 1985, Disney successfully launched animated children’s tele vision cartoons and also had success with first-run cartoon syndications. To rejuvenate Consumer Products, Eisner arefully managed licensing products ranging from children’s records to educational materials and emphasized â€Å"strategic alliance† promotions with major names like Sears and McDonalds. In 1987, Disney launched Disney Stores. Despite twice the average construction costs, the stores generated profits on sales volumes that were three to five times the U. S. average. In addition, Disney entered mail order retailing with its 1985 catalog launch, which reached over eight million people. From 1984 to 1987, Consumer Products’ revenue grew from $110 million to $167 million, netting income growth from $57 million to $97 million. Finally, under Eisner, Disney aggressively grew its theme park business. Despite spending $50 million in 1984 to refurbish Fantasyland and spending tens of millions to add new attractions, theme park income grew from $186 million (revenue $1,097 million) to $549 million (revenue $1,834 million) during the period from 1984 to 1987. Disney achieved these results by advertising nationally on television for the first time in 1985 and opening Disneyland on Mondays, on which it was previously closed for maintenance. Disney also kept pace with increasing demand by steadily pushing park ticket prices up to about twice the industry average. And, despite removing restrictions on the number of visitors, the parks continued to provide an exceptional visitor experience. Overall, the period from 1984 to 1987 saw tremendous growth. Sales climbed from $1. 6 billion to $2. 9 billion and income grew from $100 million to $450 million over the period. Return on equity more than doubled, going from 9. 3% to 21. 3%. Eisner’s most important contribution between 1984 and 1987 was to restore the ‘Magic’ to Disney. More concretely, by priming the pump with a disciplined emphasis on creativity and innovation, Eisner was able to exploit the synergies generated by Disney’s highly complementary businesses units. Exploiting these synergies was the mechanism by which Eisner maximized shareholder wealth, while simultaneously reinforcing the other corporate objectives that emphasized sustainability, image and brand. 5 The Past Decade Source: https://host. wallstreetcity. com/wsc2/Chart. html, 10/22/03 As observed in the above ten-year chart, Disney’s share performance has lagged the SP 500 market index over the past decade. One may also observe that the underperformance has mainly occurred in the past five years. The 30-year graph below adds some helpful context. From it, we gain a better appreciation for the challenge of sustaining 20 percent growth per year over a long period of time. Disney has attempted to grow its core businesses internationally while exploring new markets domestically such as sports, live Broadway productions, cruise lines, real estate development, and radio and television broadcasting. Disney has had mixed success in these areas. Source: https://host. wallstreetcity. om/wsc2/Chart. html, 10/22/03 6 International expansion of theme parks was a logical growth option for Disney to pursue, particularly following the company’s good experience with Tokyo Disneyland. However, Euro Disney was disappointing. A behemoth American-style theme park simply did not fit culturally in Paris. Disney’s expansion into live Broadway shows also appeared to be a risk worth taking. It is a natural application of their core competency: providing a high-quality entertainment experience. In fact, Disney’s production of Beauty and the Beast was a Broadway hit. Given Disney’s experience with hospitality, their cruise line and vacation club expansion ideas also appeared promising. And, excepting the recent media snafu regarding food-poisoned cruise passengers, these ventures have sailed smoothly. Disney’s foray into sports, particularly the violent game of hockey, seems misplaced. Despite strong advantages of a franchise owner having broadcasting ability and the ability to promote merchandise, ownership of a hockey expansion team did not fit the image of the company that fostered lovable cartoon characters. Thus, despite the success of the movie promoting The Mighty Ducks, along with lucrative merchandising, the venture failed to produce expected results. While the combination of media ownership and sports worked quite well in other markets, the Disney empire is quite different than the Ted Turner empire. Disney’s entry into residential real estate development also seems misplaced. It is unclear how this complements or enhances their other businesses. Finally, Disney’s acquisition of ABC seems sensible. And, Disney has successfully used the national media outlet to return Sunday night Disney programming to a national audience. The move also gives Disney sure footing in the Saturday morning cartoon space. Overall, it appears to support the type of synergy for which Disney has come to be known. On the other hand, Disney must carefully guard its image. Ownership of a more mainstream media outlet introduces some risk to the squeaky-clean image that has served the company well for the majority of its fabled eighty years. Overall, it appears that Disney is struggling to maintain growth. It must be careful not to lose focus and inadvertently compromise its magic. 7

African Americans And The Civil Rights Movement - 1260 Words

African Americans have fought for equality for a long period of time against desegregation and racism. It was an era where blacks couldn’t have the same rights as a white individual. African American were treated with hate and anger. The Civil Rights Movement is embodied in dramatic recorded speeches. Speeches like â€Å"I have A Dream†, the â€Å"Black Revolution†, and â€Å"Black Power’ and Coalition Politics. These speeches were written by great leaders. Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, and Bayard Rusting were just some of the wise leaders of the Civil Rights. However, these influential leaders had a different view on how things had to be done during the civil rights movement. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court declares school segregation unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ruling. Additionally, they were teachers, secretaries, welders, ministers and students who simply wanted to be treated equally. Not to mention, that in 1955, R osa Parks refuses to move to the back of a Montgomery, Alabama, bus as required by city ordinance; boycott follows and bus segregation ordinance is declared unconstitutional. Individuals were arrested because for whites, blacks were acting in a violent way. Martin Luther King Jr speech was one of the greatest of all time. His speech brings tears to those who truly understand what was going, just by the beauty, depth, and soul of the words themselves. King, moved his people and the nation not only by being one of the most gloriouslyShow MoreRelatedThe African-American Civil Rights Movement1295 Words   |  5 Pages The African-American Civil Rights Movement is arguably the largest and most successful push towards toward change in American history. The movement was influenced by some of the biggest figures in American history as well, led by Martin Luther King Jr. and influenced by others such as president Kennedy and Johnson. Amongst the numerous protests and powerful speeches during the Civil Rights Movement perhaps the most prominent is the series of three marches in 1965 known today as the â€Å"Selma to Montgomery†Read MoreThe African American Civil Right Movement1040 Words   |  5 PagesThe African American Civil right mo vement in the late 1950’s and throughout the 1960’s was a powerful fight for equal opportunities to the basic rights and privileges outlined by the US government. During this movement thousands of African American individuals and those who believed in the power of the movement, battled against the piercing white supremacy through various tactics including grass root movements. The grass root movements in the 60’s was characterized by organizations of individualsRead MoreThe African American Civil Rights Movement1450 Words   |  6 PagesThe African American civil rights movement was a long journey for African American nationwide. The success involved many people, hardships and time in order to advance the African American community in America. The purpose of the movement was to achieve their rights, cease discrimination, and racial segregation. During the start of the African American civil rights movement, Africans Americans still were faced with Jim Crow laws which segregated them from whites. Under the Jim Crow laws AfricanRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1624 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the early 1950’s and 1960’s, the civil rights movement defined how African Americans progressed from being considered second class citizens to a unified demographic who became more endowed to handle the high tensions between them and the white segregationists. After World War II, protests began to rise between the 1950’s and 1960’s. The large number of blacks that served in the military or worked in the war industry saw that they had a greater place in the world than they had been given inRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1623 Words   |  7 Pages African Americans were brought to America during the colonial days by Britain, before the civil war, as slaves. They were the foundation of slave economy, being auctioned off and sold, with no thought given to their opinions, families, or lives. Throughout American history, African Americans have slowly fought their way towards where they are today. Their fight has developed into the Civil Rights Movement in the 1900s. Many historians would agree that the start of the Civil Rights Movement happenedRead MoreThe African American Civil Rights Movement756 Words   |  4 PagesAnother significant circumstance was the African-American civil rights movement in US in those years. Until the age of eighteen, he had never thought about ethnicity or cultural differences. After 1968, African-American movement turned to be seen in Milwaukee. He met with Father Grouppi*, but he did not support him and his followers. For a long time, he had not appreciated the African American civil rights movemen t. Moreover, he would think that this movement aggravates the racial segregation in societyRead MoreAfrican American Civil Rights Movement1594 Words   |  7 Pagesblack power movement in American Civil Rights Movement. Violence is a physical force intended to hurt someone. Politics is a platform where the wellbeing is thought for the citizens and in America the politics and laws have been placed in order for the betterment of the American citizens. In this essay I will unravel many factors arguing whether violence is legitimate or whether it is a mean that is necessary to a more equal nation mostly focusing on the American Civil Rights movement and the blackRead MoreAfrican American Civil Rights Movement1525 Words   |  7 PagesFollowing World War I, a new, militant spirit of resistance and activism burgeoned among African-American citizens across the United States. Empowered by the sense that blacks had played a crucial role in the conflict, the descendants of freedmen returned home to fight for their own rights only to find persecution; this dire situation called for immediate, decisive action. During the interwar years, African Americans in the southwest Georgia Black Belt fought for community empowerment and, through theRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement Essay2200 Words   |  9 Pagesequal rights. A perfect example of racial brutality was the summer of 1955 when Emmett Till was brutally murdered by two white men. This murder case promptly seized the attention of millions and modified the history of the United States. The Emmett Till murder case established itself as a defining event in the United States history because it became a spark to the Civil Rights movement, transformed people’s hearts and minds into realizing how dangerous segregation was, and it proved how African AmericansRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Civil Rights Movement1531 Words   |  7 Pagesstates for African Americans in the 1960, although it has been nearly 100 years since the Emancipation Proclamation. African Americans were still segregated from classrooms, restrooms, theatres, etc. due to â€Å"Jim Crow† laws; and in 1954, the â€Å"separate but equalà ¢â‚¬  doctrine was struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court. For hundreds of years African Americans fought for their civil rights, desegregation, and basic human rights. One significant movement in history that was major for the Civil Rights Movement

Analysis Of The Article Death And Dying By Matthew...

In the article â€Å"Death and Dying in Literature,† John Skelton stated, â€Å"One of the central tasks of literature is to impose a structure on life and death, giving meaning to both† (n.p.). Many literary works, including poems, focus on death in one way or another. This is true for â€Å"Dover Beach† by Matthew Arnold and â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† by Emily Dickinson. â€Å"Dover Beach† and â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† provide varying perspectives on the topic of death. In â€Å"Dover Beach,† Arnold attempts to portray how death, sadness, and suffering have resulted due to the world’s loss of faith (Shmoop Editorial Team). In â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death,† Dickinson views death as an event that everyone must face (Shmoop Editorial Team). Throughout their respective poems, Arnold and Dickinson use elements such as rhythm, symbols, and tone and style. These elements all wo rk together to establish each poem’s perspective on death. To fully understand each poem’s view on death, it is important to first look at the rhythm used throughout each poem. In â€Å"Dover Beach,† the rhythm changes as the poem goes on (Shmoop Editorial Team). For most of the poem, Arnold uses some form of iambic meter; however, the pattern sometimes breaks part way through some lines. This break in the pattern causes a form of chaos within the poem that represents the suffering that Arnold describes as having occurred due to loss of faith. Unlike the often broken pattern used by Arnold,Show MoreRelatedwisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 PagesGenuine humor is replete with wisdom.† Mark Twain, quoted in Opie Percival Read, Mark Twain and I (1940), 17. â€Å"Humor offers both a form of wisdom and a means of survival in a threatening world. It demands that we reckon with the realities of human nature and the world without falling into grimness and despair.† Roger Shattuck, The Banquet Years: The Origins of the Avant-Garde in France—1885 to World War I, rev. ed. (1968), 248. â€Å"Humor is, in fact, a prelude to faith; and laughter is the beginningRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.............................................................................................. 144 Seeking a Second Opinion ............................................................................................................ 147 Trust Me, I Know It on Good Authority ..................................................................................... 149 Suspending Belief...................................................................................................................Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesreferences. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for PrintedRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesClaudia Fernandes Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Marketing Assistant: Ian Gold Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Senior Production Project Manager: Kelly Warsak Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Ilene Kahn Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Interior Design: Suzanne Duda and Michael Fruhbeis Permissions Project Manager: Shannon Barbe Manager, Cover Visual Research Permissions: Karen Sanatar Manager Central Design:Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art Director: Kenny Beck Text and Cover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr

Probabilities for Dihybrid Crosses in Genetics

It may come as a surprise that our genes and probabilities have some things in common. Due to the random nature of cell meiosis, some aspects to the study of genetics is really applied probability. We will see how to calculate the probabilities associated with dihybrid crosses. Definitions and Assumptions Before we calculate any probabilities, we will define the terms that we use and state the assumptions that we will work with. Alleles are genes that come in pairs, one from each parent. The combination of this pair of alleles determines the trait that is exhibited by an offspring.The pair of alleles is the genotype of an offspring. The trait exhibited is the offsprings phenotype.Alleles will be considered as either dominant or recessive. We will assume that in order for an offspring to display a recessive trait, there must be two copies of the recessive allele. A dominant trait may occur for one or two dominant alleles. Recessive alleles will be denoted by a lower case letter and dominant by an upper case letter.An individual with two alleles of the same kind (dominant or recessive) is said to be homozygous. So both DD and dd are homozygous.An individual with one dominant and one recessive allele is said to be heterozygous. So Dd is heterozygous.In our dihybrid  crosses, we will assume that the alleles we are considering are inherited independently of one another.In all examples, both parents are heterozy gous for all of the genes being considered.   Monohybrid Cross Before determining the probabilities for a dihybrid cross, we need to know the probabilities for a monohybrid cross. Suppose that two parents who are heterozygous for a trait produce an offspring. The father has a probability of 50% of passing on either of his two alleles. In the same way, the mother has a probability of 50% of passing on either of her two alleles. We can use a table called a Punnett square to calculate the probabilities, or we can simply think through the possibilities.  Each parent has a genotype Dd, in which each allele is equally likely to be passed down to an offspring.  So there is a probability of 50% that a parent contributes the dominant allele D and a 50% probability that the recessive allele d is contributed.  The possibilities are summarized: There is a 50% x 50% 25% probability that both of the offsprings alleles are dominant.There is a 50% x 50% 25% probability that both of the offsprings alleles are recessive.There is a 50% x 50% 50% x 50% 25% 25% 50% probability that the offspring is heterozygous. So for parents who both have genotype Dd, there is a 25% probability that their offspring is DD, a 25% probability that the offspring is dd, and a 50% probability that the offspring is Dd. These probabilities will be important in what follows. Dihybrid Crosses and Genotypes We now consider a dihybrid cross.  This time there are two sets of alleles for parents to pass on to their offspring.  We will denote these by A and a for the dominant and recessive allele for the first set, and B and b for the dominant and recessive allele of the second set.   Both parents are heterozygous and so they have the genotype of AaBb. Since they both have dominant genes, they will have phenotypes consisting of the dominant traits.  As we have said previously, we are only considering pairs of alleles that are not linked to one another, and are inherited independently. This independence allows us to use the multiplication rule in probability.  We can consider each pair of alleles separately from each other.  Using the probabilities from the monohybrid cross we see: There is a 50% probability that the offspring has Aa in its genotype.There is a 25% probability that the offspring has AA in its genotype.There is a 25% probability that the offspring has aa in its genotype.There is a 50% probability that the offspring has Bb in its genotype.There is a 25% probability that the offspring has BB in its genotype.There is a 25% probability that the offspring has bb in its genotype. The first three genotypes are independent of the last three in the above list.  So we multiply 3 x 3 9 and see that there are these many possible ways to combine the first three with the last three.  This is the same ideas as using a tree diagram to calculate the possible ways to combine these items. For example, since Aa has probability 50% and Bb has a probability of 50%,  there is a 50% x 50% 25% probability that the offspring has a genotype of AaBb.  The list below is a complete description of the genotypes that are possible, along with their probabilities. The genotype of AaBb has probability 50% x 50% 25% of occurring.The genotype of AaBB has probability 50% x 25% 12.5% of occurring.The genotype of Aabb has probability 50% x 25% 12.5% of occurring.The genotype of AABb has probability 25% x 50% 12.5% of occurring.The genotype of AABB has probability 25% x 25% 6.25% of occurring.The genotype of AAbb has probability 25% x 25% 6.25% of occurring.The genotype of aaBb has probability 25% x 50% 12.5% of occurring.The genotype of aaBB has probability 25% x 25% 6.25% of occurring.The genotype of aabb has probability 25% x 25% 6.25% of occurring. Dihybrid Crosses and Phenotypes Some of these genotypes will produce the same phenotypes.  For example, the genotypes of AaBb, AaBB, AABb, and AABB are all different from each other, yet will all produce the same phenotype.  Any individuals with any of these genotypes will exhibit dominant traits for both traits under consideration.   We may then add the probabilities of each of these outcomes together: 25% 12.5% 12.5% 6.25% 56.25%.  This is the probability that both traits are the dominant ones. In a similar way we could look at the probability that both traits are recessive.  The only way for this to occur is to have the genotype aabb.  This has a probability of 6.25% of occurring. We now consider the probability that the offspring exhibits a dominant trait for A and a recessive trait for B.  This can occur with genotypes of Aabb and AAbb.  We add the probabilities for these genotypes together and have18.75%. Next, we look at the probability that the offspring has a recessive trait for A and a dominant trait for B.  The genotypes are aaBB and aaBb.  We add the probabilities for these genotypes together and have a probability of 18.75%.  Alternately we could have argued that this scenario is symmetric to the early one with a dominant A trait and a recessive B trait. Hence the probability for this outcomes should be identical. Dihybrid Crosses and Ratios Another way to look at these outcomes is to calculate the ratios that each phenotype occurs.  We saw the following probabilities: 56.25% of both dominant traits18.75% of exactly one dominant trait6.25% of both recessive traits. Instead of looking at these probabilities, we can consider their respective ratios.  Divide each by 6.25% and we have the ratios 9:3:1.  When we consider that there are two different traits under consideration, the actual ratios are 9:3:3:1. What this means is that if we know that we have two heterozygous parents, if the offspring occur with phenotypes that have ratios deviating from 9:3:3:1, then the two traits we are considering do not work according to classical Mendelian inheritance.  Instead, we would need to consider a different model of heredity.

Role of Community Radio in Community Development - 1887 Words

ROLE OF COMMUNITY RADIO IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT Aim: To analyze how effectively the community radio can be used for the community development. Objectives: †¢ To identify how far the community radio has played its role in creating awareness about the local issues such as social, environment and economic. †¢ To analyze the reach of community radio among public. †¢ To identify what genre of program is attracted by the public in community radio. †¢ To analyze how far the community radio has created a change among the community people. †¢ To identify the techniques can be used to make people involve more in the community radio for their community development. Need for the Study: The Community Development Programme, which had its august†¦show more content†¦But to be useful, knowledge and information must be effectively communicated to people. More than 850 million people in developing countries are excluded from a wide range of information and knowledge, with the rural poor in particular remaining isolated from both traditional media and new information and communication technologies which would improve their livelihoods. The report of â€Å"Ninth United Nations Communication for Development Roundtable† says Communication for Development lies at the heart of the challenge to actively involve poor people in decision making procedures which affect their lives and to enable them to manage communication processes and media. When successful, Communication for Development is a powerful tool to mitigate poverty and hunger and to promote democratic processes and social change in many countries, especially in the agriculture and rural development sectors. Media and Community Radio Michael Meadows (2009) in the article Electronic dreaming tracks: Indigenous community broadcasting in Australia published in Development in Practice explains the power of media The power and influence of mainstream media continues to transform the wider public sphere, compelling Indigenous people to seek access to theirShow MoreRelatedCareer Of Radio Suresh Kumar Verma Essay1684 Words   |  7 PagesCAREER IN RADIO Suresh Kumar Verma Twenty-first century is the age of information, communication and entertainment (ICE). Mass media ie radio, television, movies, advertising, news media, newspaper and magazines, has a vital role to play in the development of a country and created many job opportunities as well. Radio, the grandfather of the electronic media is a unique and exciting way - practical and personal - that encourages listeners to develop an unusual association with presenters and stationsRead MoreThe Effects Of Hispanic Radio On American Society1132 Words   |  5 Pagesbasic form, the radio has always played an inherent role in the development of societies around the world. Before the mobile first generation, and even the television, the radio was the device that families would allow into their home and embrace as a connection to the outside world. With no exception to this rule, Hispanic radio has shaped the growing minorities role in American society ever since its boom. Hispanic radio has been the unifying force between Latino communities, which providedRead MoreThe Launch of a Women’s Radio Station in the City of Herat, Afghanistan1704 Words   |  7 Pagesof a women’s radio station in the city of Herat, Afghanistan, in the year 2003. It follows four Afghan women journalists’ struggles in balancing the demands of a highly conservative culture on the one hand, and the objectives of their Canadian journalism trainers on the other. Kamal explains that Media development takes on many different forms in different areas of the world. Rather than being a force for sustaining difference, the media is deliberately employed by media development organisationsRead MoreRockwell Collins Human Resources Interview1152 Words   |  5 Pages technologies. Human resources play pivotal role in facing the front-line challenges as companies adapt to coming and going of projects, ventures into new markets, changing workforce demographics, diversity, etc. We have interviewed Ms. Shannon Svoboda, the Total Rewards Senior Compensation Analyst with Rockwell Collins. Company Overview Rockwell Collins (R-C) started right here in Eastern Iowa in 1933 as Collins radio. In the same year Collins radio provided equipment to provide communicationsRead MoreThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Mass Media1011 Words   |  5 Pagescapture audience attention and interest, for example, television and radio is said to be the best Mass Media. A Mass Media to be effective must be accessible to the target audience and able to hold audience attention and interest. Therefore, this essay will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Mass Media. The first advantage of mass media is peace and reconciliation. In the Northern Uganda there has been a civil war and FM radios contributed towards bringing peace after 20 years of crisis whichRead MoreThe National Communication Structure And Media Of South Africa Essay1150 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of the national communication structure and media of South Africa The media plays a very important role in today’s society. The media keeps the society informed of daily happenings, educates people, enhances democracy, etc. In the African context, media has played a vital role in the creation of democracy. According to an article by Joseph Matumaini, the African media took on a new configuration in the 1990s due to the increased demand for multi-party democracy (1). This time was also markedRead MoreEssay about Skin Cancer in Relation to the Ottawa Charter1339 Words   |  6 PagesAwareness Program shows the linkage with the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter. Developing personal skills refers to the education and development of healthy personal skills to exercise control over their own health environments and to make better health choices. Widely distributed accurate information via mass media including newspapers and television or radio advertisements provides deeper understanding of the risk of cancer and ways to personally take action and decrease the risk for yourselfRead MoreUSAID Safe Mothers Program in Indonesia1007 Words   |  5 Pages SIAGA Campaigns Within Indonesia The US Agency for International Development also known as USAID implemented a campaign in 1998 into Indonesia in order to promote a 5-year safe motherhood program. This campaign involved the participation of not only USAID but the Indonesian government, the National Family Planning Coordinating Board, and several NGO’s. The campaign was labeled as the ‘Maternal and Neonatal Health Program (MNH)’. This program involved multiple campaigns including Warga SIAGA (AlertRead MoreSomething for Nothing: The Art of Rap1032 Words   |  5 PagesHip-Hop that have enabled the genre to reach millions of people. Most people believe that they know what hip hop is. Yet, these same people are more familiar with rap music than hip hop. Rap music tends to b the music broadcasted on television and radio stations alike. Hip-Hop itself is relates to a culture and history of peoples. Hip-Hop tells the stories of people oppressed in urban ghettos in all cities, and it promotes change and a transition in those oppressed. Dr. Charles Pinckney author ofRead MoreBlack : Lead Business Roles, Deciding Members Green : Candidates Being Considered817 Words   |  4 PagesLegend: Purple: Lead Business Roles, Deciding Members Green: Candidates Being Considered Red: Yet To Be Filled Positions Community Involvement and Social Responsibility Social Responsibility Goals At Pictures for Paws, we have three social responsibility goals. They include 1.) creating and maintaining a positive and friendly business that focuses on addressing our customer’s and their pet’s needs, 2.) maintain a system of full disclosure and transparency regarding all of our business rules

History of Barter System Free Essays

Barter system Barter system is an age-old method that was adopted by people to exchange their services and goods. This system was used for centuries, before the invention of money. People used to exchange the goods or services for other goods or services in return. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Barter System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nowadays, barter services has staged a comeback with the advent of more sophisticated techniques that aid trading through the Internet. During ancient times, barter system was a local phenomenon, which involved people in the same locality. However, today barter system has become global. You can now negotiate with the opposite party, regarding the value of the item you want to barter and vice versa. The advantage of bartering is that it does not involve money. You can buy an item in exchange for some other thing you current . The barter system was one of the earliest forms of trading. History of barter system It facilitated exchange of goods and services, as money was not invented in those times. The history of bartering can be traced back to 6000 BC. It is believed that barter system was introduced by the tribes of Mesopotamia. This system was then adopted by the Phoenicians, who bartered their goods to people in other cities located across the oceans. An improved system of bartering was developed in Babylonia too. People used to exchange their goods for weapons, tea, spices, and food items. Sometimes, even human skulls were used for barter. Another popular item used for exchange was salt. Salt was so valuable at that time, that the salary of Roman soldiers was paid in salt. The main drawback of this system was that there was no standard criteria to determine the value of goods and services, and this resulted in disputes and clashes. These problems were sorted out with the invention of money, but the barter system continued to exist in some form or another. The Europeans started traveling across the globe during the Middle Ages and used barter services to trade their goods like furs and crafts to the East, in exchange of perfumes and silks. People of colonial America did not have enough money for business, which was mainly based on barter services. Most of their business consisted of wheat, skins of male deer (bucks), musket balls, etc. They were also experts in exchanging services. If members of one family agreed to help their neighbors in harvesting their crops, the latter would help the former in their task, like roofing their building. The history of barter system can also be linked to the initial years of Oxford and Harvard Universities, where students used to pay their fees as food items, firewood or livestock. Barter services became popular during the Great Depression in the 1930s’, which witnessed a scarcity of money. The barter system was used as a way of obtaining things like food and other services. The trading was done between people or through groups, who acted as agents and facilitated third party bartering. These groups were like banks, where people maintained their accounts. In case of sale of any of the items, the account of the owner would be credited and the account of the buyer would be debited. It is worth mentioning that Adolf Hitler also used barter system to collect money for funding the war. He was engaged in barter trading with Greece, Sweden and Russia. Post World War II, the people of Germany too resorted to bartering, as the German currency had lost its value. Barter system has been in use throughout the world for centuries. The invention of money did not result in the end of bartering services. Sometimes, monetary crises fueled the revival of the barter system, and the current recession has once again set a stage for its comeback. Even though money is there for trading and for business, barter system still exists and has become more strong and organized. ly have, but don’t want. This type of trading can be done through swap markets and online auctions. How to cite History of Barter System, Papers

Middle East foreign policies Essay Example For Students

Middle East foreign policies Essay Disaster! Fear! Terrorism! What seemed to be a scene from Die Hard is what struck home in America on Sept. 11. The attacks on the World Trade Center leads back to many problems with our foreign relations. Our foreign relations policies have been recently getting a lot of countries angry and frustrated, the major problem being that we interfered with Palestinian and Israeli conflicts by offering war support to Israel. Aiding one side or another is a very tricky business, especially when it involves a religious war. We should have just offered support to try bringing the two countries to peace, not military support. Amazingly, the policy of helping Israel still continues, building settlements on what everyone knew was Palestinian land and selling weapons to Israel. We should not have interfered by helping Israel and for so long. It is hard to sit aside and be a spectator during a war, but when it involves religion, I would stay out. Religious wars are fought with a deep vengeance. It would not be the first time that America has tried to stay out of a war, we have done so in more atrocious wars like the genocide put on by the Nazis. I think America intervened in Israel for more political reasons than anything else. Due to our foreign policy in the Middle East, over the years weve acquired many enemies and adversaries, one of them being Osama Bin Laden. When we set up military bases in Saudi Arabia during and after the Gulf War, it exaggerated Osamas anger because Saudi Arabia houses two of the holiest Islamic shrines. The build up of this anger led to the sad tragedy of the September 11th terrorist attack on America. The point I am trying to make is that it could have been avoided if we worked on our foreign policy more with Saudi Arabia and Israel and didnt let the anti-American resentment get so strong. Whats done is done, and the only thing we can do now is to learn from our mistakes. I believe the first order of business is to prosecute Bin Laden and his terrorist faction. The next step is to slowly remove support in Israel. I emphasize slowly because we previously helped them for many years, and cant abruptly end it. The first thing we should wean is the selling of weapons to Israel. Selli ng weapons to one side of the conflict is pretty much an act of war on Palestine. Next, we should pull our troops out of Israel and only set up peace relations between the two countries as we have tried before. That would help settle down a lot of anti-American opposition in the Middle East, and show our good intentions for peace. We should also pull some of our military power out of the area, yet still keep some bases for strategic purposes for worst case scenarios. All in all the tragedy of America has awakened many Americans to realize that something we are doing with our foreign relations is wrong and getting many Middle Easterners angry. Some may even go as far to call us ignorant or abusing our Arrogance of Power. The only way we can move forward is to learn from our mistakes and correct them. It will take a long slow process but I think we will recover. God bless America.Words/ Pages : 602 / 24

Change in Workplace Agricultural and Applied Economics

Question: Share a story about a change that you experienced. What specifically was the target of change? How did the change unfold? When it was over, did you notice things had indeed changed, or did things return to what they were before the change? (Even if you have no current work experience to draw from, think about a change you were involved in as a member of a community group or a volunteer group.) Answer: Since my employment with a retail company, I had once experienced a structural change throughout the organization. I believe such change is influenced by the effects of both internal and external factors. For coping up with the diverse requirements of the highly advanced technologic environment, the particular change is identified by the management (Han Goetz, 2015). The identified changes were exercised in the core business functions, as the way of interacting with the customers was highly modified as part of the process. The major implication of the identified change has ensured establishment of the online presence of the company. As a result, online marketing approaches were adopted instead of the traditional marketing strategies (Miranda et al., 2013). The consequence of the overall change process has contributed the business to gain more revenues while elevating the profitability of the organization comprehensively. References Han, Y., Goetz, S. J. (2015). Workplace-anchored migration in US counties. In2015 AAEA WAEA Joint Annual Meeting, July 26-28, San Francisco, California(No. 204952). Agricultural and Applied Economics Association Western Agricultural Economics Association. Miranda, S. L., Vicente, . G., Antunes, A. C., Rodrigues, B. S., DOliveira, T. (2013). Workplace aggression in organizational changing processes: The mediation role of leader political (soft and hard) behavior. In15th IAMB Conference. IAMB/ISEG.

Research Proposal on Fear of Crime Essay Example

Research Proposal on Fear of Crime Essay Fear of crime is the phenomenon of the fear of becoming a victim of a crime. Fear of crime can be called a certain type of the psychological disorder or mainly phobia. The person is afraid of becoming an integral part of the crime, so to get involved into this act. Fear of crime is often connected with the fear of youth, as the young people are often associated with crime being rough and emotional. When the person suffers from the fear of crime, this influences her life negatively and makes it complicated. The person starts avoiding walking in the crowded places fearing that the big number of people improves the risk of being involved into the crime. In addition, the person tries to walk only in the familiar places in the particular hours believing that stability and predictability of the situation will help her to avoid crime. The person also applies preventive measures to avoid crime, including the means of self-defense and high expenses on the alarm systems to prevent stealth of the automobile or to stop burglars penetrating into the house. The fear of crime is also a positive thing, because the person starts to think about her safety, improves the means of self-defense, etc. Of course, if the fear is very strong, it turns into the certain paranoia and the person sees a threat of crime everywhere. In order to help one get rid of the fear of crime, he survives the therapy with a psychologist, who defines the reasons of the fear and clears up the real possibility of crime for a common person. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Fear of Crime specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Fear of Crime specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Fear of Crime specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Fear of crime is a kind of paranoia or phobia which is based on the psychological fear of participation in the crime in the role of a victim. The student who is going to research the topic deeper is supposed to study the origin of the fear, the types of the fear, its influence on the human life and social relations. The research proposal should convince the professor that the topic on fear of crime is a worthy one and the investigation and explanation by the student will improve the condition of the problem and illustrate the possible solutions to the existing problem. The main complicated moment related with research proposal writing is to choose the right manner of writing. The Internet is the reliable helper of every student and young people can read a free example research proposal on fear of crime composed the writer who knows the topic well. Under the assistance of a free sample research proposal on fear of crime one can prepare a well-analyzed persuasive paper which can be accepted by the most demanding professor. NOTE!!! All free sample research proposals and examples on Fear of Crime are 100% plagiarized, we are here to help you! EssayLib.com is a leading research proposal writing service, which can offer you the solution you have been looking for. With thousands of written research papers and proposals for Master’s and PhD degrees, we can give you exactly what you need at very affordable prices. Our experienced writers will prove you that high quality and exclusivity is a trademark of our products. We can guarantee your confidentiality and promise you strict on time delivery. There are many reasons for EssayLib.com to become your favorite research proposal writing service, but all we are asking you – just give us a try!

Archaeology Quotations - Quote Collection about the Past

Archaeology Quotations - Quote Collection about the Past A Douglas Adams on the importance of subsistence.Anonymous movie goers at Raiders of the Last Ark.Arioti and Oxby on the false opposition between food predation and food production.Jane Austen (as Catherine Morland) on the torment of reading history. B Paul G. Bahn on Pleistocene art.Paul G. Bahn on bluffing your way to being an archaeologist.Zainab Bahrani on looting at the Iraqi National Museum.Kage Baker imagines Flinders PetrieChris Ballard on holding out against closure.J. G. Ballard on his fears for the future.Keith Bassett on the New Intellectual.Charles Baudelaire on the pleasure we derive.Charles Austin Beard describes Hari Seldon. Charles Austin Beard on seeing stars.Max Beerbohm on the work of art that is the Past.Ruth Benedict on the purpose of anthropology.John Berger on the effects of postmodernism.Henry Bergson on present effects.Robert L. Bettinger on the persistence of crackpots..Ambrose Bierces definition of History.Ambrose Bierce defines the Past.Lewis Binford on why hell never be a quote of the week.A tip on museum management from Bob Ray.Barbara Bocek on bioturbation.Nurit Bird-David on hunter-gatherers.Tsianina Blackstone on what good friends archaeologists make.Bonnichsen and Steele on why the New World Entr ada is so fascinating. C. Loring Brace on whats wrong with standardized tests. C. Loring Brace et al. on the chimerical concept of race. Edward M. Bruner on post-modernist interpretations of tourism.Edward Bulwer Lytton on archaeology and historical romancesOctavia E. Butler (as Lauren Oya Olamina) on letting the past go.A.S. Byatt on forms and forcesLord Byron on the usefulness of the past. C Calvin on why hell choose not to be an archaeologist.William Calvin on the human minds Big Bang.Howard Carter on the good old days.Edward Hallet Carr on historys dialogue.Matt Cartmill on why he became a scientist.C.W. Ceram on archaeologys grandiose tasks.John Chapman on the archaeology of war in the Balkans.Douglas Charles on wearing different shades.Anubha Charan on digging up holy places.Cicero on children.Geoffrey Clark on NAGPRAs fatal flaw.Grahame Clark on wasting ones life.David Clarke on the immutability of archaeology..Michael Coe on small favors.Confucius on diligence.Cyril Connolly on the sweet smell of the past.Norman Cousins with an alarming metaphor.George Cowgill on reasonable alternativesDonald Crabtree on the beauty of projectile point technology.Susan Crate on climate change and advocacyO.G.S. Crawford on the future of archaeology. D Glyn Daniel gets a fit of the giggles.Clarence Darrow on what is wrong with history.Charles Darwin on useful observations.Robertson Davies on archaeologists and domestic architectureKathleen Deagan on the ethnic stew that is Latin America.Warren DeBoer on experiencing Cahokia archaeologyStephen Dedalus (James Joyce) on how he feels about history.Emily Dickinson on an armed past.Tom Dillehay on the first people in South America.Robert A. Dodgshon on the end of time.John Dryden on what has been.A classic insult from Alexandre Dumas (pere)Finley Peter Dunne on why the past looks so good.Will Durant on geological consent.Will Durant on clever things to say. E Abba Eben on men behaving wisely.Albert Einstein on the cosmic religious experiences of scienceLoren Eiseley on melancholy secretsT. S. Eliot on historys cunning passagesRalph Waldo Emerson on personal preferences.Ralph Waldo Emerson on the end of the human race.Ralph Waldo Emerson on what Varnish is not.Clark Erickson on appropriate technology and sustainable agriculture. F Brian Fagan on who really owns the past.Christine Finn on votive offerings at Chaco Canyon.Laurence Flanagan on the rationality of our forebears.K. V. Flannery on killing our informants.Kent Flannery on fun with your pants onKent Flannery on what the world wants from archaeologyLars Fogelin on tempering the imagination.Foley and Lahr on sweet studies .Henry Ford on why history is bunk.Allie Fox on evolutions little joke. G Donna Gabaccia on the immigrant paradigm.Joan Gero on distinguishing the past from the present.Michael Goodchild on maintaining intellectual depth.Stephen J. Gould on creationism.Maxim Gorky on taking the past for a ride.Paul Grobstein on being progressively less wrong.the Guanzi on understanding the present.John Guare on history and amnesia. H Heinrich Harke and Bettina Arnold on coping with political reality.L. P. Hartley on our alien past.William Least Heat-Moon on the lack of yesterdays on the road.Robert Heinlein on the effects of ignoring history.Robert Heinlein on human capabilities.Edward F. Ned Heite on dirty truthsPatrick Henry on the lamp guiding his feet.Heinrich Himmler on doing archaeology right.Jennfier Hochschild on true science.Oliver Wendell Holmes on how humans are omnibuses.John Hoopes on the future of the past.Terry Hunt on the genocide on Easter IslandTerry Hunt and Carl Lipo on the Rapa Nui Effect.David Hurst-Thomas on the meaning of discovery.Aldous Huxley on living high.T. H. Huxley on choosing ones grandfather.Hypatia of Alexandria on preparation for tomorrow. I W. R. Inge on why history is a terrific occupation.Von Igelfeld (Alexander McCall Smith) on German archaeologyGlynn Isaac on overextending our enthusiasmEddie Izzard on small wallsEddie Izzard on the Time Team J Shirley Jackson on why theres always been a lottery.Randall Jarrell on seeing the world through gold-colored glasses.B. S. Johnson (Terry Pratchett) on the future of architecture.Andrew Jones on perceiving the Neolithic. Indiana Jones on why archaeology will never make a good movie plot.James Joyce (as Stephen Dedalus) on how he feels about history.Rosemary Joyce on the illusory Ancient Maya. K Timothy Kaiser on the politics of archaeology in the BalkansAlice Beck Kehoe on the tolerance of ambiguity.Walt Kelly on the view behind us.Khufus Law for projects worth doing well.Gusti Kollman on historic ironies.A. L. Kroeber on the charm of anthropology. L Stephen H. Lekson on influential mythologies.Jill Lepore on history in seven words.Tea Leoni on how she almost became an anthropologist.Levi-Strauss on the value of the past.Sinclair Lewis on authenticity among scientists.Nathan Light on the mental prison of modern myths.Penelope Lively on howling landscapes.Kristin Lord and Vaughn Turekian on the Diplomacy of ScienceWhat George Lucas said when he first saw Tikal.R. Lee Lyman on a seat at the high table in anthropology M Domenica Macdonald [Alexander McCall Smith] on the soft life of some anthropologists.Renà © Magritte on the odors of the present.Max Mallowan on why Agatha Christie married him.Mao ZeDong on the struggles of society.Tommaso Marinetti on our most dangerous prevaricator.William H. Marquardt on unearthing support for archaeology.Lisa Maurizio on the meaning of the Oracle at Delphi.A Maya elder on the importance of remembering the past.Alexander McCall Smith (Prof. Von Igelfeld) on German archaeologyJohn C. McEnroe on discussing the pastHerman Melville on the textbook of tyrants.Lynn Meskell on the hope for archaeology.Catherine Morland [Jane Austen] on the torment of reading historyMargaret Murray on a welter of flint chips. N Nicholas and Bannister on who owns the futureNietzsche on the chain of the past. O Lauren Oya Olamina (Octavia E. Butler) on letting the past go.Michael Ondaatje on unsafely settled places.George Orwell on the control of the past.George Orwell on generational conflicts. P Camille Paglia on voyages to the past.Camille Parmesan asks why climate change is insurmountable.William Penn on living with the moderns.Ezra Pound on Kulchur.Philip Phillips on New World variations.Wendell Phillips on the roots of revolution.Plutarch on the difficulty of history.Poyer and Kelly on mystification of the Mikea.Adrian Praetzellis on tolerating ambiguity.Praetzellis on having too much fun.Terry Pratchett on the future of architecture.Ptahhotep on the limits of skill. R Joseph Ransdell on the new conception of science.Adrienne Rich on journeys into the past.Clara Dice Roe demonstrates the problems with oral history.Unnamed Roman Emperor on the good life.John Ruskin Laying Stone on StoneSteve Russell on the meaning of the repatriation movement. S Jeremy Sabloff on archaeologys role models.Carl Sagan on painful lessons learned.Carl Sandburg on archaeological treasures.Simon Schama on why historians are doomed.Arthur Schlesinger on historys effect on the present.Heinrich Schliemann on the case for Hasserlik.J. William Schopf on the importance of pond scum.Carmel Schrire on why she became an archaeologist.Sellar and Yeatman on what history is.Will Shakespeare on prophesies.Moishe Shokeid on melding anthropologist and informant.Sir Philip Sidney on why poets are better than historians.Maxine Singer on the thread that holds us together.Bruce D. Smith on niches and domesticationSusan Sontag on vanishing beauty.Captain Spauldings (Groucho Marx) greatest contribution to scienceStephen Spender on wooden shipsJohn Steinbeck on the literature of science.John Lloyd Stephens on the moral effect of Maya monuments.Clarice Stasz Stoll on collective forgetfulness.Lawrence Straus on interpreting genetic data.Christine Sullivan on the real adve ntures of Indiana Jones. T T. R. Talbott on the dark and stormy end of the Ice Man.Sarah Tarlow on negotiating between rocks and a whirlpool.R. E. Taylor on the two cultures.Walter Taylor in mid-diatribe, quotes Linda Ellerbee.Paul Theroux on evolutions little joke.Henry David Thoreau on unremarkable history.Henry David Thoreau on what to do with ambitious boobies.A. J. Toynbee on using history well.Bruce Trigger on the implications of multiple standpoints. V Voltaire on the foundations of history.Voltaire on Ancient TricksVon Igelfeld (Alexander McCall Smith) on German archaeology W Anthony F. C. Wallace asks When is Now?Mary Webb on what is invisible and muteKenneth Weiss on defining evolutionKenneth Weiss on finding hybridsE. B. White on the future of readingAlfred North Whitehead on why knowing the past is useful.James Whitley on fishy ideas.Walt Whitman on the teeming gulf, the infinite greatness of the past.Oscar Wilde on inalienable privileges.Oscar Wilde on our duty to history.Oscar Wilde on the value of archaeologyKate Wilhelm on living with the past.Howard Winters on civilizations components.Leonard Woolley on the effects of business.J.A.A. Worsaae on taking ones country seriously.Ronald Wright on the fascination of cannibalism. X Malcolm X on the value of memory. Y Yasumaro on the teachings of the ancients.

Career Goals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Career Goals - Assignment Example Four years of graduation as a sponsored student need more time and effort than any other student as my academic record will be under the observation of my educators, sponsors and family. Thus, I have to focus earnestly, study persistently to earn good grades and learn the taught skill with zeal so to be an apt pilot. This initial focus and effort will enable me to earn high GPA in the class and it will be easier for me to attain the piloting license. Based on my academic profile and efforts to earn more flying hours in Saudi Airline, I will be to attain enough flying hours so to become a Captain. In Saudi Airline, I plan to develop full potential as a responsible and skilled pilot under the influence of a senior Captain so I can become one skilled pilot myself swiftly. After earning the title of Captain in Saudi Airline and developing a good reputation in this field, I plan to join Qatar Airways, which has the esteem reputation of a top-notch airline. Qatar Air has the quality of being the best airline for pilots especially for a Captain, as they offer many privileges and handsome pay, which any pilot can dream

Business Plan for an Offshore Engineering Services Coursework

Business Plan for an Offshore Engineering Services - Coursework Example This location inhabits companies offering identical and similar services and a couple of technical universities from where the personnel intake is relatively easy. Huge investment is warranted in machines, equipments and human resources. However, the company wishes to start with few leased equipments and machines that need huge investment. The land for office premises is planned to be taken on a rental basis, which has to be paid for one year at the time of commencement of business. Thalatech (name of the firm) is a start-up firm, which has exciting business opportunities in the UK market where it is intended to concentrate its business in the first few years. The firm plans to provide technical services for offshore telecommunication projects - cable installation and surveys- throughout the country and expand its business to foreign countries in the near future. The service includes power cable installation for connecting oil platforms and its surveys for companies engaged in oil production and distribution. The major activities of the company involve the installation and maintenance of submarine fiber optic cables and other marine engineering services. ... This is the reason why it is planned to be located near to sources (i.e., similar firms and technical universities) of abundant workers-skilled and unskilled. The company envisages to providing professional service and advice to keep itself far ahead of its competitors, domestic and global. It firmly believes that it could capitalize the abundant business opportunities where its competitors are lagging behind. Falcon is likely to achieve 150 % of what its competitors are doing because of favourable location (near to airport) and other completive advantages such as personalized and professional service. A pilot market study to explore the key aspects of business finds that the firm would be able to achieve a substantial growth in sales over the next two years from the date of commencement of business. 1.2 Finance Required As the nature of the service of the proposed company is of highly technical and demands high professionalism, huge amount of funds is needed to finance the investment in various equipments machines and workforce. The company, therefore, plans to start with leased equipments that need huge investment. Moreover, in the beginning, the firm plans to hire only highly qualified and experienced staff, who have proved their mastery over the field. In addition to that, a very few unskilled laborers are to be deployed and trained by technicians and experienced staff. This also incurs costs. The office premises (land and office building) and other initial legal charges are also to be met by the start-up capital apart from those mentioned above. All these need huge capital and the company plans to raise funds for these needs through that contributed by shareholders. 1.3 Financial

Causes and Effects of Inflation in India

Causes and Effects of Inflation in India Introduction Inflation is defined as the constant rise in the price of a particular goods and services over a period of time. When the level of prices increases, each unit of currency can purchase lesser goods and services making the purchasing power will decrease. There are two types of inflation in this world including the positive inflation and negative inflation. A negative inflation will increase the chances of investors to hold their money as the future is still in uncertainty. They do not want to take risks of their money to invest in uncertainty and hence will lead to surplus of goods in market. A positive inflation will help the bank to adjust their real interest rate in a short run and encourage investment in the non-monetary capital project. Summary In recent years, high food inflation in India is one of the factors which bring to non-food inflation and aggregate inflation. There are 4 factors that affect food inflation occur, which are international prices and trade policy, rising demand supply mismatch, stagnant productivity and minimum support prices. During 2008 and 2010, international economist forecasted that will be inflation on that year caused that the international price of good increase. It affects the cost of input which import from foreign country has been increased as well. Besides, rising per capita income and diversification of diet in India causes that the demand of high-value product like eggs, meat fruits and other rise while the response of supply of these products is being weak. To overcome the problem of stagnant productivity, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA) is promoted and it affect that the rural wages in India rise. Under this program, the indexation of wage rate to Consum er Price Index has been pushed up the minimum wage. (Sonna, October 2014) Food inflation will cause that wage rate increase because labor can request for a higher wage since food is constituted as an important good in their consumption basket. Increase of wage will increase the cost of production and make the prices of non-food increase as well. On the same time, the real income of producer in food sector is increased during the rise in food price. It cause that the demand of non-food items will rise due to the increases of food prices which relative to aggregate price through substitution effects and through income effect of the food producer. (Sonna, October 2014) When the price of food inflates, it will drive the fluctuation in currency which has created a huge impact on all the sectors. For instance, the domestic oil price is linked with the international oil price. This lead to the oil price has a direct relationship with the Indian currency as US dollar which has already become one of the acceptable global currencies in the international market. However, the impact brought by the increase in oil price is not heavy and will cause a big burden to the market because this increase in price will go through the other sectors in the market. This contributes to share the burden of the increase in oil price among the other sectors. This causes inflation of other goods to happen due to the chain reaction happen when the prices of the domestic oil increase. (Dr.A.Hidhaya Mahammad Rafee.B, 2014) As the oil price and inflation build a cause and effect relationship, the fluctuations of oil prices have significant impact on the inflation. The impacts of oil prices fluctuations are different in oil exporting and in oil importing countries. For the oil exporting countries, the increment of oil prices constituted good news while the increment of oil prices constituted bad news for oil importing countries. For instance, China and India were known as the most consumption on the oil among the oil importing countries in the world. Anshul Sharma stated that inflation will move in the same direction with the movement of oil prices. The inflation rate increases as the crude oil increases and vice versa. Since the early of the 21st century, the prices of oil has rising heavily. This contributed to the higher inflation as the cost of production increased. The increment of cost of production led to the increment of fuel costs and then caused the decrement of supply. Jose De Gregorio et al. stated that the fluctuation of oil prices had adverse impact on the economy. (M. Anandan, S. Ramaswamy and S. Sridhar, 2013) Besides, depreciation in the currency will subsequently lead to the people to buy lesser goods with the same amount of money they hold. This case can be defines as a decrease in the purchasing power of currency. This journal has mentioned that India is considered as one of the largest market in the world that does not have any monetary policy framework to help to control the market. This is why the India always faces inflation after a financial crisis. There is no initiative taken by India to handle the inflation brought by the financial crisis which will lower down the currency of the country. People will now start to demand fewer rupees and consider investing in other country’s currency. (Zainab Mulla, 2014) There is a strong pressure on the Rupee currency which is caused by the strong demand of US dollar. This will lead to a major impact of inflation. The Rupee depreciation will make India to produce competitive goods in global market which will bring benefit for India’s exports. The exporters gain advantages as the abroad exported goods return more Rupees which are translated from dollar to Rupees. As a result, there is a relationship between Rupees depreciation and the inflation. (Deepa Divakaran.N and Dr.G.S.Gireeshkumar, 2014) According to Kamiar Mohaddes Mehdi Raissi (2014), the inflation could lower the growth by reducing the productivity and investment. Barro stated that there is a strong evidence for the negative impact of inflation on growth. Besides, the journal stated the inflation-growth relationship is highly non-linear. Besides, Khan and Senhadji stated that the inflation rate above the ‘threshold’ is negative and significant on growth whereas the inflation rate below the ‘threshold’ is positive and insignificant. Gillman and Kejak stated that the inflation and growth has surveyed by various models and resulting in generating a negative relationship between inflation and growth. De Gregorio and Gomme proved that the relationship between inflation and growth is non-linear which means the growth rate will be lower as the inflation rate increases. Based on AK and AH models, inflation play a role as tax on either physical capital or human capital. This will lead to the decrement of the growth rate. Akerlof et al. also stated the low inflation rate may have a positive relationship with output growth. This is because of low inflation causes the increment of productivity and resulting in higher growth. (Kamiar Mohaddes Mehdi Raissi, 2014) Discussion Crude oil is an input in the value added chain of most agricultural products such as machinery fuel, transport and fertilizers. The rising of crude oil price causes that the cost of production rises and the price of final product increase as well. Moreover, nowadays food products are common used in producing of biofuel energy based on environmental preoccupation. Therefore, the substitution of crude oil by food product to produce fossil fuel causes that the food product demand increases in the market. As a prove, we found the data from US Energy Information Administration and FAO which shows that the price of oil and food is positive relationship at year 2000 to 2010. When food inflation occurs, the wage rate will increases due to the productivity need to increase but supply of labour is limited in the market. By this, not only wage of labour will increase, but the income of producer in food sector also increase because of the windfall profits will raise higher than cost of production. It means that the citizen become richer and their demand of goods and services will increase as well through income effect. The increase of demand causes that it excess than supply in the market and then causes inflation occur. In order to prove that food inflation will affect nonfood inflation and aggregate inflation, there was a Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEVD) analysis is done and shows that variation of food inflation contributes 54% of variation of nonfood inflation and 46% variation in aggregate inflation after 1 month of the shock. After 10 month, the variation of nonfood inflation decreases to 46% while the variation of aggregate inflation increa ses to 72%. (Sonna, October 2014) Over the years, the currency rate of Rupee to US Dollar is increasing each year. In year 2000, 1 USD can exchange for 45 Rs. However, in year 2013, the exchange rate has increased that 1 USD can exchange for 58.53 Rs. This causes the Rupee to depreciate its value due to the strong demand of US Dollar by the citizens. In order to prove the statement of Deepa Divakaran N and Dr G.S.Gireeshkumar, the major impact of inflation in India is caused by the peer pressure faced by Rupee currency as there are many people who demands US Dollar rather than holding Rupee. When the currency is facing depreciation, people will tend to hold other’s countries’ currency as Rupee has no more holding value. The demand for Rupee will drop and thus drives up the inflation. Cost-push inflation will occur when people now feel reluctant to spend their Rupee on normal goods and causes supply to be surplus and push the price to increase. Therefore, a drop in the currency of Rupee will affect inflation to happen. Throughout the research, we have figured out that the purchasing power for India is increasing linearly year by year since from year 1999 until now. Starting from year 1999, the GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) is 1,805 Billion Dollar and for year 2014, it has increase to 7,277.3 Billion Dollar. This means that the purchasing power for India is getting bigger and bigger every year. As GDP grows, there will be more transaction happen daily and this will lead to an increase in the demand of Rupee. Thus, it will help to raise the exchange rate of Rupee to other country’s currencies. This will result in the increase of purchasing power of Indians’. When the nation’s GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) increases, the exchange rate of Rupee to other country’s currency will decrease and this caused the import fee to decrease as well. This causes more and more transaction will occur because the export fee is lower compared to the older time and this can help to drive up th e country’s GDP. In order to prove the statement of Zainab Mulla, when the GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) in year 1999 is still at a lower stage, the citizens can barely afford to buy breads with 60Rs. However for year 2014, the GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) increase drastically, making the purchasing power of Rupee to increase. As a result, now they can afford to buy few types of bread with 60Rs. This shows that Rupee in year 2014 has more value than year 1999 because we can buy more stuff with 60Rs over 15 years. When the purchasing power of citizens increases, they will tend to spend more money rather than keeping it because they can get more goods with the current value. This action also can help to increase the country’s GDP. On the other hand, the decrease in the price of the crude oil also becomes one of the catalysts in the economic growth in India. Crude oil as the largest internationally traded items will have an abrupt changes in economic if there are any changes in the price for the oil exporting and importing countries. This can be seen when the economic growth of India had shown a decrease sign from year 2010 to year 2013, which is decrease from 10.3% to 5.0%. This is because of the recent crude oil price has increased from 3,463Rs in year 2010 to 6,415Rs in year 2013. The increment in the price of crude oil will affect inflation to happen if the government chooses to absorb the burden by increasing the price of other petroleum products. In order to prove the statement of Gillman and Kejak, when the price of crude oil increase, the growth of the country will decrease as the petroleum-based products will have them increase in the price which causes the consumers will try to consumer less of these products. When these products have a low demand, the supply will be overloaded and then leading to the output production level of the factory drop. Hence, the whole economic growth will be stalled. Conclusion In the nutshell, there are many causes and effect that are brought by inflation. It is undeniable that inflation is not favor in the country as it brings a lot of negative effect and will drag the growth of country. However, we could not avoid inflation from happening in a country. What we can do is just try to minimize the impact bring by the inflation. One of the solutions to curb the inflation problem is by selling bonds to the non-residential investors of the country. As we know that the poverty of Indians is very serious, the residents have less money to afford the bond sold by the government. Hence, the government should make the bond available to the investors from other country which can afford it so that there is more money inflow to the country so that the government has more money to circulate the daily money flow of money. Other than that, the government should implement some policy that makes them to be less dependent to the import industry. They should encourage more export activities because they can earn more money when the exchange rate of Rupee drops. Incentives should be given in order to encourage this action. In addition to the above, the government can also control the price of oil and give subsidies for the crude oil. By controlling the price of oil, all the petroleum-based products will also have their price controlled because they do not have to share the burden of increased price of oil. This will subsequently keep the inflation rate to remain under the threshold and will not cause any major problem to the economic growth of India. Last but not least, if the entire precaution steps have been taken to handle inflation problem, we can surely minimize the impact that bring by inflation.